Methods of installing a vertebral defect device

ABSTRACT

A vertebral defect device includes a housing having a convexly tapered distal end, a convexly tapered proximal end, a top, a bottom, an anterior side, a posterior side and an outer surface having generally rounded edges thereby facilitating insertion into an intervertebral space between a pair of adjacent vertebrae. The length of the housing as measured from the distal end to the proximal end is greater than the width of the housing as measured between the anterior and posterior sides and is greater than the height of the housing as measured between the top and bottom.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/345,591, filed Jan. 16, 2003 entitled “Vertebral Defect Device.” This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/369,510 filed Apr. 2, 2002 entitled “Intervertebral Fusion Cage” and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/349,730 filed Jan. 17, 2002 entitled “Intervertebral Fusion Cage,” the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to intervertebral defect devices, and more particularly, to an intervertebral defect device for insertion into an intervertebral space using minimally invasive techniques.

Referring to prior art FIGS. 9 and 10, the spine 120, also known as the vertebral column or the spinal column, is a flexible column of vertebrae 100 (special types of bones) held together by muscles, ligaments and tendons. The spine 120 extends from the cranium (not shown) to the coccyx 126, encasing a spinal cord 128 and forming the supporting axis of the body (not shown). The spinal cord 128 is a thick bundle of nerve tissue (nerves) that branch off to various areas of the body for the purposes of motor control, sensation, and the like. The spine 120 includes seven cervical vertebrae (not shown), twelve thoracic vertebrae (not shown), five lumbar vertebrae, L^(I)-L^(V), five sacral vertebrae, S^(I)-S^(V), and three coccyx vertebrae 126. The sacral and coccyx vertebrae are each fused, thereby functioning as a single unit. FIG. 10 shows the lumbar region 122, the sacral region 124 and the coccyx 126 of the spine 120 and that the vertebrae 100 are stacked one upon another. The top portion 100 a and bottom portion 100 b of each vertebrae 100 is slightly concave. The opposing concave vertebral surfaces form the intervertebral space 121 in which an intervertebral disk (not shown) resides. Each of the intervertebral disks has a soft core referred to as a nucleus pulposus or nucleus (not shown).

In FIG. 9, directional arrow 101 a is pointing in the posterior direction and directional arrow 101 b is pointing in the anterior direction. FIG. 9 shows that each vertebrae 100 includes a body 106 in the innermost portion, a spinal canal 108 and a spinous process 102 at the posterior-most end of the vertebra 100. The vertebrae 100 are substantially similar in composition, but vary in size from the larger lumbar vertebrae to the smallest coccyx vertebrae 126. Each vertebrae 100 further includes two transverse processes 104 located on either side and a protective plate-like structure referred to as a lamina 110. Nerves from the spinal cord 128 pass through the spinal canal 108 and foramina 111 to reach their respective destinations within the body.

The natural aging process can cause a deterioration of the intervertebral disks, and therefore, their intrinsic support strength and stability is diminished. Sudden movements may cause a disk to rupture or herniate. A herniation of the disk is primarily a problem when the nucleus pulposus protrudes or ruptures into the spinal canal 108 placing pressure on nerves which in turn causes spasms, tingling, numbness, and/or pain in one or more parts of the body, depending on the nerves involved. Further deterioration of the disk can cause the damaged disk to lose height and as bone spurs develop on the vertebrae 100, result in a narrowing of the spinal-canal 108 and foramen 111 (not shown clearly), and thereby causes pressure on the nerves emanating from the spinal cord 128.

Presently, there are several techniques, in addition to non-surgical treatments, for relieving the symptoms related to intervertebral disk deterioration. Surgical options include chemonucleolysis, laminectomy, diskectomy, microdiskectomy, and spinal fusion.

Chemonucleolysis is the injection of an enzyme, such as chymopapain, into the disk to dissolve the protruding nucleus pulposus. The enzyme is a protein-digesting enzyme and is used to dissolve the disk material. Since the enzyme is essentially a tissue-dissolving agent, it is indiscriminate in the protein-based matter it dissolves. Should the enzyme be injected into the wrong place, or if there is a breach in the disk capsule that would allow the solution to enter the spinal canal or to contact nerve tissue or the like, the resultant damage to nerve tissue could not be reversed. Even worse, about half of the patients who receive chemonucleolysis treatments experience increased back pain and muscle spasms immediately after the injection and more than half have incapacitating back pain for durations up to three months after such treatments.

A laminectomy is performed to decompress the spinal canal by open surgical techniques under general anesthesia. In this procedure, the lamina 110, (the bone that curves around and covers the spinal canal 108 as shown in FIG. 9), and any disk tissue causing pressure on a nerve or the spinal canal 108, are partially removed. This technique is highly invasive and traumatic to the body, and therefore requires an extended recovery time of about five weeks and a hospital stay of a few days. In addition to the trauma inflicted on the body from even a successful surgery, there are increased risks of future problems due to the removed portion of the lamina 110 which is no longer in place to support and protect the spinal canal 108 at the area where the surgery took place. Further, the vertebrae 100 may shift due to the lack of support in the structure. Thus, simply removing the disk and parts of the vertebral bone is a short-term, pain-relieving corrective action but not a long-term solution.

Diskectomy is a form of spinal surgery wherein part of an intervertebral disk is excised typically through open surgical techniques. Recently, less invasive techniques referred to as percutaneous diskectomy or microdiskectomy have been developed to reduce the surgical trauma to the patient. In microdiskectomy, a much smaller incision is made than in normal open surgeries. A small retractor, working channel or tube is inserted through the posterior muscles (not shown) to allow access to the damaged or herniated disk. Surgeons utilize special surgical instruments modified to work in such small openings such as curettes, osteotomes, reamers, probes, retractors, forceps, and the like to cut and remove part of the disk while monitoring their technique using a microscope, a fluoroscope (real-time X-ray monitoring), and/or an endoscope (a miniature TV camera with associated viewing monitor). While this technique is much less invasive than conventional open surgeries, due to their design the instruments presently available tend to extend the length of time of the surgery and may cause possible damage to areas other than the herniated disk.

A spinal fusion is a procedure that involves fusing together two or more vertebrae in the spine using bone grafts and sometimes using metal fixation with screws, plates or metal rods. The removal of a significant amount of disk material or numerous surgeries often increases the instability of the spine 120 thereby necessitating spinal fusion surgery. The fusion procedure is often used to correct kyphosis or scoliosis, in addition to those patients who require spine stabilization due to vertebral damage from ruptured disks, fractures, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis or tumors, and the like. In a fusion procedure, a damaged disk may be completely removed. Parts of a bone from another part of the body, such as the pelvis, are harvested, and the bone parts or grafts are subsequently placed between the adjacent vertebrae 100 so that the adjacent vertebrae 100 grow together in a solid mass. In the fusion surgery, which is presently performed as an open surgical technique, the posterior lamina 110 and the centers of the vertebral bodies 106 may both be cut. The surgery often involves consequential damage to the associated posterior ligaments, muscles and joints in addition to the removal of part or all of the lamina 110.

In general, small pieces of bone are placed into the space between the vertebrae to be fused, but sometimes larger pieces of bone are used to provide immediate structural support. The source of the bone may be the patient, (autologous or autograft bone) or a bone bank harvested from other individuals, i.e. allograft bone. While autologous bone is generally considered better for promoting fusion between the vertebrae, it also necessitates extra surgery to remove bone from the patient's body. As with any surgery, risks can include bleeding, infection, adverse reactions to drugs, and difficulty under anesthesia. Additionally, the site of the bone graft harvest may cause pain in addition to the pain the patient is already suffering due to the difficulties associated with the vertebrae 100 or disk. Due to the nature of the conventional spinal fusion surgery, typically an open surgery wherein muscles and ligaments are cut and bone is chiseled away to allow access to the intervertebral space, recovery following fusion surgery is generally longer than any other type of spinal surgery. Patients typically stay in the hospital for three or four days or more and may require significantly greater time to return to normal activities since the surgeon normally requires evidence of bone healing. The recovery time for a normal spinal fusion surgery is significant due not only to the fact that normal movement cannot be allowed until detectable bone growth has occurred between the bone grafts and the adjacent vertebrae 100, but the associated ligaments, muscles and the location where the bone grafts were harvested must also recover. Oftentimes portions of the spine 120 must be immobilized during the recovery period causing added discomfort and inconvenience to the patient.

The concept of using a cage device for spinal fusion is not new. Several fusion cages are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,961,740, 5,702,449, 5,984,967, and 6,039,762, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.

One prior art fusion cage device, disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,740 of Ray et al. (hereinafter “Ray”), is a large cylindrically shaped fusion cage that has a deep helical thread around the outer surface. In order to install the fusion cage of Ray, laminectomies must be performed on each side of the overlying lamina in order to provide access for the large cylindrically shaped fusion cage and if the disk space has narrowed as a result of degeneration, a scissors jack-type spreader or hydraulically inflated bladder is inserted on each side and opened to allow access to the disk space. A pilot cutter and pilot rod are used to cut female bone threads through the opposing vertebral endplates prior to threading the fusion basket into the now threaded interdiskal bore. Obviously the surgery is lengthy, highly intrusive and traumatic, and as noted in the Ray specification takes several weeks for recovery.

Other prior art devices, disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,702,449 and 6,039,762 of McKay (hereinafter, “McKay”), are cylindrically shaped spinal implants with perforations or apertures located through the outside walls. While the implants of McKay provide for a non-metal, bone graft substitute, they still require open surgical techniques for implantation due to their size and geometric shape.

Further, the concept of using an implant device for spinal support and stability is not new. Implants were used by Dr. Fernstrom in the 1960's including stainless steel spherical ball bearings (see “Spine Arthroplasty,” Spine Industry Analysis Series, Viscogliosi Bros., LLC, November 2001.).

What is needed, but not provided in the prior art, is a stand alone vertebral defect device that can be inserted into the intervertebral space with minor open surgery in a procedure utilizing minimally invasive techniques. Further, there is a need for such a vertebral defect device which can be used either to assist with fusion or can be used to maintain support and stability while preserving motion of the involved spine segment.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Briefly stated the present invention comprises a vertebral defect device. The vertebral defect device includes a housing having a convexly tapered distal end, a convexly tapered proximal end, a top, a bottom, an anterior side, a posterior side and an outer surface having generally rounded edges thereby facilitating insertion into an intervertebral space between a pair of adjacent vertebrae. The length of the housing as measured from the distal end to the proximal end is greater than the width of the housing as measured between the anterior and posterior sides and is greater than the height of the housing as measured between the top and bottom.

The present invention further comprises a vertebral defect device. The vertebral defect device includes a housing, an upper shelf and a lower shelf. The housing has a convexly tapered distal end, a convexly tapered proximal end, a top having a first opening to encourage vertebral fusion, a bottom having a second opening to encourage vertebral fusion, and an outer surface that is generally smooth thereby facilitating insertion into an intervertebral space between a pair of adjacent vertebrae. The upper shelf is disposed within the housing and is generally proximate to the first opening. The lower shelf is disposed within the housing and is generally proximate to the second opening.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first preferred embodiment of a vertebral defect device in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a side elevational view of the vertebral defect device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of the vertebral defect device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a top plan view of the vertebral defect device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a side elevational view of a second preferred embodiment of a vertebral defect device in accordance with present invention;

FIGS. 6A-6B are side elevational views of a third preferred embodiment of a vertebral defect device in accordance with present invention;

FIG. 7 is a side elevational view of the vertebral defect device of FIG. 1 connected to a first preferred embodiment of an insertion tool in accordance with present invention;

FIG. 8 is a side view of the vertebral defect device of FIG. 1 installed between lumbar vertebrae L^(III) and L^(IV);

FIG. 9 is a top sectional view of a human vertebra as is known in the art;

FIG. 10 is a side sectional view of a portion of a human spine as is known in the art;

FIG. 11 is a side elevational view of a fourth preferred embodiment of a vertebral defect device in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a top plan view of the vertebral defect device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 13A is a side elevational view of a fifth preferred embodiment of a vertebral defect device in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 13B is a top plan view of the vertebral defect device of FIG. 13A;

FIG. 14A is a side elevational view of a second preferred embodiment of an insertion tool for a vertebral defect device in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 14B is a top plan view of the insertion tool of FIG. 14A;

FIG. 15A is a side elevational view of a third preferred embodiment of an insertion tool for a vertebral defect device in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 15B is a top plan view of the insertion tool of FIG. 15A;

FIG. 16A is a side elevational view of a fourth preferred embodiment of an insertion tool for a vertebral defect device in accordance with the present invention; and

FIG. 16B is a top plan view of the insertion tool of FIG. 16A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting. The words “right”, “left”, “lower”, and “upper” designate directions in the drawing to which reference is made. The words “inwardly” and “outwardly” refer direction toward and away from, respectively, the geometric center of the vertebral defect device and designated parts thereof. The terminology includes the words above specifically mentioned, derivatives thereof and words of similar import. Additionally, the word “a”, as used in the claims and in the corresponding portions of the specification, means “at least one.”

The term “vertebral defect device” as used herein may be applicable to a fusion cage device, a partial disk replacement device or a nuclear replacement device without departing from the present invention, and should be construed to broadly encompass any device for use in correcting defects in the spine.

Referring to the drawings in detail, wherein like reference numerals indicate like elements throughout, there is shown in FIG. 1 a vertebral defect device 10 in accordance with a first preferred embodiment of the present invention. The vertebral defect device 10 has a housing, a convexly-tapered distal end 10 a, a convexly-tapered proximal end 10 b, a lower wall 10 c, an upper wall 10 d, a first sidewall 10 e, and a second sidewall 10 f (FIGS. 3, 4). An outer surface 12 is substantially smooth over the entire surface. The vertebral defect device 10 may be titanium, or any metal or alloy compatible with MRI scanners, synthetic or polymeric materials, composites, ceramic, a biocompatible polymeric material, any biologically absorbable material and the like without departing from the broad inventive scope of the present invention.

The vertebral defect device 10 is generally lens-shaped or ovoid-shaped with rounded or contoured edges on all sides. In particular, the proximal end 10 b preferably is rounded but more bluntly-shaped than the distal end 10 a which preferably is sloped into a bullet-shaped tip. The proximal end 10 b is preferably generally ovoid-shaped. Thus, the distal end 10 a has a lesser average radius of curvature than the proximal end 10 b. The lower wall 10 c and upper wall 10 d preferably are generally convex in order to cooperatively mate within the natural concavities of adjacent vertebral bodies 100. Similarly, the first sidewall 10 e and second sidewall 10 f of the Vertebral defect device 10 preferably are similarly convex for similar reasons and to facilitate installation of the vertebral defect device 10 into an intervertebral space 121. The shape of the vertebral defect device 10 is ideally suited for insertion through a small opening, and therefore, the vertebral defect device 10 is well suited for minimally invasive and/or outpatient procedures.

Distributed evenly about the surface 12 of the vertebral defect device 10 are perforations or apertures 11. The apertures 11 are intended to promote rapid bone ingrowth while the vertebral defect device 10 maintains a stiff support structure between the vertebrae 100 during the growth process. While in the presently preferred embodiment, the apertures 11 are shown as circular in shape, the apertures 11 could be any shape including ovals, squares, rectangles, triangles, diamonds, crosses, X-shapes, and the like without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. But, there need not be apertures 11. Preferably in the first preferred embodiment of the vertebral defect device, the lower wall 10 c defines a lower opening 16 a and the upper wall 10 d of the vertebral defect device 10 defines an upper opening 16 b at the point of vertebral contact to encourage successful fusion. The lower opening 16 a and the upper opening 16 b may be rectangular, circular, elliptical, or the like and may or may not be symmetrically-shaped. The openings 16 a, 16 b are preferably identically-shaped with respect to one another and are preferably symmetrically-shaped, but need not be. Further, the size of openings 16 a and 16 b may be varied to accommodate patient variations.

The length of the vertebral defect device as measured from the distal end 10 a to the proximal end 10 b preferably is approximately 10-30 mm, depending on the particular intervertebral space 121 in which the vertebral defect device 10 is to be inserted. For example, the intervertebral space between lumbar vertebra L^(III) and lumbar vertebra L^(IV) for an average male would accommodate a vertebral defect device 10 of a length between approximately 25-30 mm. But, the length of the vertebral defect device 10 could vary from the aforementioned range without departing from the spirit of the invention.

The width of the vertebral defect device 10 as measured between the first sidewall 10 e and the second sidewall 10 f of the vertebral defect device 10 will vary from approximately 10 mm to 25 mm depending upon the particular intervertebral space 121 in which the vertebral defect device 10 is to be inserted. For example, the intervertebral space between vertebra L^(III) and vertebra L^(IV) in an average male would accommodate a vertebral defect device 10 having a width of approximately 15-20 mm. But, the width of the vertebral defect device 10 could vary from the aforementioned range without departing from the spirit of the invention.

The height of the vertebral defect device 10 as measured between the upper wall 10 d and the lower wall 10 c of the vertebral defect device 10 will vary from approximately 5 mm to 25 mm depending upon the particular intervertebral space 121 in which the vertebral defect device 10 is to be inserted. For example, the intervertebral space between vertebra L^(III) and vertebra L^(IV) in an average male would accommodate a vertebral defect device 10 having a height of approximately 8-16 mm. But, the height of the vertebral defect device 10 could vary from the aforementioned range without departing from the spirit of the invention.

The overall shape of the vertebral defect device 10 is designed for insertion using minimally invasive techniques through a special portal or channel allowing a procedure to be implemented on an outpatient basis. Further, the vertebral defect device 10 is a self centering device because the shape of the vertebral defect device 10 will encourage it to settle within the natural concavities of adjacent vertebral bodies 100. As such, placement of the vertebral defect device 10 is much faster than that of prior art devices, thereby effectively reducing the duration of a procedure and the associated risks therewith. The smooth contour and edges of the vertebral defect device 10 provide for a safe and easy entrance into the intervertebral space 121.

The convex, bullet-like shape of the distal end 10 a of the vertebral defect device 10 will allow it to be driven into the intervertebral space by merely temporarily distracting the vertebrae with minimal removal of the vertebral rim or annulus (not shown clearly) at the point of entry, thereby reducing the chance of dislodging the device post-surgery. Additionally, the self-centering feature of the vertebral defect device 10 will allow rapid settling of the vertebral defect device 10 into adjacent bone to promote rapid bone ingrowth while retention of most of the annulus and peripheral rim of the bodies (vertebrae) would provide good load sharing support to prevent excessive subsidence, where subsidence results from the natural settling of intervertebral matter into a softer central portion of the vertebral bodies 108.

FIG. 7 shows the vertebral defect device 10 of the first preferred embodiment with a first preferred embodiment of a specially designed insertion tool 20. The insertion tool 20 is threaded into a socket 14 in the proximal end of the vertebral defect device 10. The socket 14 is provided with female threads 14 a which are configured to accept the male threads 20 a of the insertion tool 20. The insertion tool 20 may be formed of any substantially rigid material, but preferably is formed of a material that is bio-compatible such as titanium, stainless steel, nickel, or of a bio-compatible alloy, composite, polymeric material or the like. It should be noted that the material of construction of the insertion tool could be any material without diverging from the broad scope of the present invention. It is also contemplated that the insertion tool 20 and vertebral defect device 10 may be releasably coupled by any of several releasable fastening mechanisms known to those skilled in the art.

FIGS. 14A-14B show a second preferred embodiment of an insertion tool 200 for a vertebral defect device 10, 70, 80, 90, or 190 in accordance with the present invention. The insertion tool 200 has an elongate handle 202 and a grip 204. The grip 204 may be a suction cup or other similar gripping-type mechanism.

FIG. 8 shows a side view of the lumbar region 122 of a portion of a human spine 120. In particular, a vertebral defect device 10 in accordance with the first preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown installed between lumbar vertebra L^(III) and lumbar vertebra L^(IV). In this particular installation, the second sidewall 10 f of the vertebral defect device 10 is placed on the anterior side of the L^(III)-L^(IV) intervertebral space, the first sidewall 10 e of the vertebral defect device 10 is placed closest to the posterior side of the L^(III)-L^(IV) intervertebral space, the upper wall 10 d of the vertebral defect device 10 is adjacent to vertebra L^(III), and the lower wall 10 c of the vertebral defect device 10 is adjacent to vertebra L^(IV). In this example, the surgeon would have inserted the distal end 10 a of the vertebral defect device 10 into the gap between the L^(III)-L^(IV) vertebrae as depicted in FIG. 9 by a directional arrow D. It is just as likely and possible for the surgeon to place the distal end 10 a of the vertebral defect device 10 through the space between the L^(III)-L^(IV) vertebrae in the direction of a directional arrow C (FIG. 9) or from other directions.

FIG. 5 shows a side elevational view of a second preferred embodiment of a vertebral defect device 70 in accordance with the present invention. The intervertebral defect device or vertebral defect device 70 has a distal end 70 a, a proximal end 70 b, a lower wall 70 c, an upper wall 70 d, a first sidewall 70 e, and a second sidewall (not shown). An outer surface 72 differs from the first preferred embodiment only in that the outer surface 72 of the vertebral defect device 70 is a lattice-type structure, instead of the body having a plurality of apertures 11, but the outer surface 72 is also substantially smooth with rounded edges and can be made from similar materials as described with reference to the first preferred embodiment. In an alternate embodiment of the second preferred embodiment of the vertebral defect device 70, the lower wall 70 c defines a lower opening 76 a and the upper wall 70 d defines an upper opening 76 b at the point of vertebral contact to encourage successful fusion.

FIGS. 6A-6B show a third preferred embodiment of a vertebral defect device 80 in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 6A shows that the vertebral defect device 80 has a distal end 80 a, a proximal end 80 b, a lower wall 80 c, an upper wall 80 d, a first sidewall 80 e, and a second sidewall (not shown). The vertebral defect device 80 further has an outer surface 82, which in the present embodiment, is substantially smooth and free from apertures, openings, and the like. The presently preferred embodiment is ideally suited for use as a disk prosthesis or nuclear replacement-type device due to the lack of openings. It would be obvious to one skilled in the art to form the vertebral defect device 80 out of a material that would not encourage adhesion or bone or tissue growth. Optionally, as shown in FIG. 6B, when the vertebral defect device 80 is applied as a fusion cage-type device, the lower wall 80 c defines a lower opening 86 a and the upper wall 80 d defines an upper opening 86 b for intervertebral contact to encourage successful fusion.

FIGS. 11 and 12 show a fourth preferred embodiment of a vertebral defect device 90 in accordance with the present invention. The vertebral defect device 90 has a distal end 90 a, a proximal end 90 b, a lower wall 90 c, an upper wall 90 d, a first sidewall 90 e, and a second sidewall 90 f. The vertebral defect device 90 further has an outer surface 92, which in the present embodiment, is substantially smooth and free from apertures, openings, and the like, but may have apertures without departing from the present invention. The lower wall 90 c defines a lower opening 96 a and the upper wall 90 d defines an upper opening 96 b for intervertebral contact to encourage successful fusion. The vertebral defect device 90 further includes a lower grating 98 a and an upper grating 98 b. Preferably, the gratings 98 a, 98 b are formed of a substantially rigid mesh that is coated with a bio-compatible ceramic to promote bone growth. The gratings 98 a, 98 b are located slightly below an outer edge defined by the openings 96 a, 96 b in order to allow some or partial subsidence of the vertebrae 100 partially into the vertebral defect device 90, but will prevent excessive subsidence. It has been contemplated that in lieu of openings 96 a, 96 b, the gratings 98 a, 98 b are merely recessed portions of the lower wall 90 c and upper wall 90 d having perforations, apertures or slits which allow bone ingrowth.

FIGS. 13A and 13B show a fifth preferred embodiment of a vertebral defect device 190 in accordance with the present invention. The vertebral defect device 190 has a distal end 190 a, a proximal end 190 b, a lower wall 190 c, an upper wall 190 d, a first sidewall 190 e, and a second sidewall 190 f. The vertebral defect device 190 further has an outer surface 192, which in the present embodiment, is substantially smooth and free from apertures, openings, and the like, but may have apertures without departing from the present invention. The lower wall 190 c defines a lower opening 196 a and the upper wall 190 d defines an upper opening 196 b for intervertebral contact to encourage successful fusion. The vertebral defect device 190 further includes a lower grating 198 a and an upper grating 198 b. Preferably, the gratings 198 a, 198 b are formed of a substantially rigid mesh that is coated with a bio-compatible ceramic to promote bone growth. The gratings 198 a, 198 b are located slightly below an outer edge defined by the openings 196 a, 196 b in order to allow some subsidence of the vertebrae 100 partially into the vertebral defect device 190, but will prevent excessive subsidence.

Further, the vertebral defect device 190 includes at least one upper arch 150 and at least one lower arch 152, but preferably the vertebral defect device 190 includes three upper arches 150 and three lower arches 152. The arches 150, 152 are generally disposed symmetrically along and about a centerline of the longer axis of the vertebral defect device 190 and are secured to the body of the vertebral defect device 190. Of course the arches 150, 152 may be secured to the vertebral defect device 190 by other means and may be disposed in other orientations without departing from the spirit of the present invention. Preferably, the arches 150, 152 protrude above the top and bottom 190 d, 190 c of the vertebral defect device 190, respectively. The arches 150, 152 are configured to settle into bone matter, and therefore, the arches 150, 152 have sharpened edges 150 a, 152 a. The sharpened edges 150 a, 152 a may include serrations, pins, sharpened cones or a simple knife-like edge, but need not be. Preferably, the sharpened edges 150 a, 152 a are partially knife like proximate the ends of the arches and partially covered with sharpened cones 153. The arches 150, 152 are preferably about 0.5 mm to about 2.0 mm wide. The arches 150, 152 also serve to center the vertebral defect device 190 during placement and prevent the vertebral defect device from rolling or canting thereafter.

It should be obvious to one skilled in the art that arches 150, 152 could be utilized in any of the embodiments of the vertebral defect devices 10, 70, 80, 90, or 190, as described herein.

FIGS. 15A-15B show a third preferred embodiment of an insertion tool 220 for a vertebral defect device 10 (70, 80, or 90) having upper and lower openings 16 a, 16 b (76 a, 76 b, 86 a, 86 b, 96 a, 96 b). The insertion tool 220 has a first finger 222 configured to cooperatively engage the upper opening 16 a and a second finger 224 configured to cooperatively engage the lower opening 16 b. The fingers 222, 224 have outer surfaces which are shaped to match the contoured shape of the vertebral defect device 10 to allow a smooth insertion of the vertebral defect device 10. The combination of the insertion tool 220 and the vertebral defect device 10 when the first and second fingers 222, 224 are engaged with the ingrowth openings 16 a, 16 b, forms a combined structure having generally rounded exposed surfaces. The fingers 222, 224 also prevent foreign matter and debris from getting caught in the openings 16 a, 16 b during insertion. Because the fingers 222, 224 grasp the vertebral defect device 10 in a specific orientation defined by the upper and lower openings 16 a, 16 b, the insertion tool 220 provides the surgeon with means to orient the vertebral defect device 10 correctly during insertion.

The insertion tool 220 further includes a driving member 226 that is configured to engage the body of the vertebral defect device 10. The driving member 226 is configured to be impacted such that during insertion a surgeon may tap or hammer the driving member 226 to push the vertebral defect device 10 through a small opening. Preferably, the first and second fingers 222, 224 are retractable relative to the driving member 226. Thus, after the defect device 10 is inserted to a desired position, the first and second fingers 222, 224 are retracted while the driving member 226 holds the defect device 10 in place. Optionally, the vertebral defect device 10 may have grooves 166 (shown in phantom in FIG. 15B) extending from the upper and lower openings 16 a, 16 b to facilitate the removal of the retractable fingers 222, 224.

FIGS. 16A-16B is a side elevational view of a fourth preferred embodiment of an insertion tool 230 for a vertebral defect device 190 having upper and lower openings 196 a, 196 b and upper and lower arches 150, 152. For example, the upper finger 232 has first and second prongs 232 a, 232 b for straddling the upper arch 150 as best seen in FIG. 16B. The insertion tool 230 is similar to the insertion tool 220, but each of the retractable fingers 232 234 is forked to accommodate the arches 150, 152. Preferably, the arches 150, 152 are just below the outer surface of the fingers 232, 234, so that the arches 150, 152 do not injure adjacent tissue during insertion. Furthermore, it would be obvious to one skilled in the art to utilize multiple prongs 232 a, 232 b in each of the retractable fingers 232, 234 in order to accommodate multiple arches 150, 152.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes could be made to the embodiments described above without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. It is understood, therefore, that this invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but it is intended to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims. 

1. A method of installing a vertebral defect device using a working tube and a surgical instrument, the method comprising: a) making an incision in a posterior region of a patient proximate a small gap between a first vertebra and a second vertebra of a spine of the patient, the small gap being off-center with respect to the posterior-side of the spine of the patient and proximate to the foraminae of the first and second vertebrae; b) inserting through the incision a distal end of the working tube; c) inserting a distal end of the surgical instrument into the working tube in order to access an intervertebral space between the first and second vertebrae; d) removing nuclear disk material from the intervertebral space; and e) inserting the vertebral defect device through the small gap into and within a nuclear region of the intervertebral space between the first and second vertebrae, the vertebral defect device including a housing having a convexly tapered distal end and a convexly tapered proximal end.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the vertebral defect device is inserted using an insertion tool that has a first finger configured to engage an ingrowth opening in the top of the housing, a second finger configured to engage an ingrowth opening in the bottom of the housing, and a driving member disposed between the first and second fingers.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the driving member is configured to engage the housing of the vertebral defect device.
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the first and second fingers are retractable relative to the driving member.
 5. The method of claim 2, wherein when the first and second fingers are engaged with the ingrowth openings of the vertebral defect device, all exposed surfaces of the combination of the insertion tool and the vertebral defect device are generally round.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the vertebral defect device further comprises an interior chamber generally defined by a shape of the housing.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the interior chamber of the vertebral defect device houses bone grafts.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the interior chamber of the vertebral defect device houses non-bone matter to instigate vertebral bone ingrowth.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the vertebral defect device further comprises a connector configured to temporarily and removably couple with the insertion tool.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the connector is one of a threaded shaft, a socket, a detent, a hole and a slot.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the top of the housing has an opening to encourage vertebral fusion and is configured to align the vertebral defect device within the intervertebral space.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the opening in the top defines an edge configured to grip vertebral bone.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the vertebral defect device further comprises at least one arch spanning the opening, the arch having an at least partially sharpened edge configured to grip vertebral bone.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the bottom of the housing has an opening to encourage vertebral fusion and is configured to align the vertebral defect device within the intervertebral space.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the opening in the bottom defines an edge configured to grip vertebral bone.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the vertebral defect device further comprises at least one arch spanning the opening, the at least one arch having an at least partially sharpened edge configured to grip vertebral bone.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the housing is a generally solid piece of material.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the housing has a plurality of openings to encourage vertebral fusion.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein a distal end of the housing is generally bluntly rounded.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein a proximal end of the housing is generally bluntly rounded.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein both proximal and distal ends of the housing are generally bluntly rounded and the distal end has a lesser average radius of curvature than the proximal end.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the length of the housing as measured from the distal end to the proximal end is between about 10 mm and about 30 mm.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the vertebral defect device further comprises an anterior side and a posterior side, and the width of the housing as measured between the anterior and posterior sides is between about 10 mm and about 25 mm.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the vertebral defect device further comprises a top and a bottom, and the height of the housing as measured between the top and bottom is between about 5 mm and about 25 mm.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the housing is formed at least partially of a biocompatible material selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, titanium, cobalt-chrome alloy, nickel plated metal, a biocompatible alloy, a biocompatible ceramic, a biocompatible polymeric material and a biologically absorbable material.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the incision is between about 10 mm and about 100 mm in span.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the vertebral defect device further comprises a top, a bottom, an anterior side, a posterior side and an outer surface having generally rounded edges thereby facilitating insertion into the intervertebral space between the first and second vertebrae, the length of the housing as measured from the distal end to the proximal end being greater than the width of the housing as measured between the anterior and posterior sides and being greater than the height of the housing as measured between the top and bottom.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein step (d) further comprises removing a portion of bone matter from the first and second vertebrae.
 29. The method of claim 1, further comprising: f) withdrawing the working tube from the incision; and g) closing the incision.
 30. A method of installing a vertebral defect device using a working tube and a surgical instrument, the method comprising: a) making an incision in a posterior region of a patient proximate a small gap between a first vertebra and a second vertebra of a spine of the patient, the small gap being off-center with respect to the posterior-side of the spine of the patient and proximate to the foraminae of the first and second vertebrae; b) inserting through the incision a distal end of the working tube; c) inserting a distal end of the surgical instrument into the working tube and into the small gap between the first and second vertebrae in order to access an intervertebral space between the first and second vertebrae; d) removing nuclear disk material from the intervertebral space; and e) inserting the vertebral defect device through the small gap into and within a nuclear region of the intervertebral space between the first and second vertebrae, the vertebral defect device including a housing having a convexly tapered distal end, a convexly tapered proximal end, a top having a first opening to encourage vertebral fusion, a bottom having a second opening to encourage vertebral fusion, an upper shelf disposed within the housing and generally proximate to the first opening, and a lower shelf disposed within the housing and generally proximate to the second opening.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the incision is between about 10 mm and about 100 mm in span.
 32. The method of claim 30, wherein step (d) further comprises removing a portion of bone matter from the first and second vertebrae.
 33. The method of claim 30, wherein the upper and lower shelves are coated with a biocompatible ceramic material to promote bone growth.
 34. The method of claim 30, wherein the upper and lower shelves have a plurality of ingrowth openings.
 35. The method of claim 30, wherein the vertebral defect device further includes an outer surface that is generally smooth thereby facilitating insertion into the intervertebral space between a pair of adjacent vertebrae.
 36. The method of claim 31, wherein at least one of the top and the bottom further includes at least one arch spanning the respective opening, the at least one arch having an at least partially sharpened edge configured to grip vertebral bone.
 37. A method of installing a vertebral defect device in outpatient surgery using a working tube and a surgical instrument, the method comprising: a) making an incision in a posterior region of a patient between about 10 mm and about 100 mm in span proximate a small gap between a first vertebra and a second vertebra of a spine of the patient, the small gap being off-center with respect to the posterior-side of the spine of the patient and proximate to the foraminae of the first and second vertebrae; b) inserting through the incision a distal end of the working tube; c) inserting a distal end of the surgical instrument into the working tube in order to access an intervertebral space between the first and second vertebrae; d) removing nuclear disk material from the intervertebral space; and e) inserting the vertebral defect device through the small gap into and within a nuclear region of the intervertebral space between the first and second vertebrae, the vertebral defect device including a housing having a convexly tapered distal end, a convexly tapered proximal end, a top, a bottom, an anterior side, a posterior side, the length of the housing as measured from the distal end to the proximal end being greater than the width of the housing as measured between the anterior and posterior sides and being greater than the height of the housing as measured between the top and bottom, the proximal and the distal ends are both generally bluntly rounded and the distal end has a lesser average radius of curvature than the proximal end. 